Anti-debugging String / data encryption XOR Base64 (encryption) AES (encryption) Packer Other named (Morphine/Neolite/PEtite…) Self-modifying / runtime decrypt Crypto / hash algorithm Code virtualization / VM Control-flow obfuscation Spaghetti / junk-branch Exception / interrupt-based State machine / dispatcher Anti-disassembly Junk / garbage bytes Anti-tamper / integrity Import / API obfuscation Custom / generic obfuscation Anti-VM / sandbox